Final+Part+A

In one or two sentences, 1) define or identify each item and 2) describe its importance or relation to classroom practice or school improvement. 1.**At-risk Students (Students at risk) -** Students judged to be in serious jeopardy of not completing school or not succeeding in school. Within the school teachers and the community have to address such issues as poverty, abuse and homelessness to overcome this risk and help the students reach their potential and succeed in the classroom. (Ch. 4 - Those Who Can, Teach; Kendra Smallwood) 2.**Shock of the Familiar (Culture Shock of Beginning Teachers) -** Shock of the familiar often occurs when new teachers enter the classroom for the first time as educators. They are often being placed in a very familiar atmosphere, however they are in an entirely different role than was previously expected and often face culture shock, which can prevent them from being able to appropriately handle a classroom. (Chapter 14, Those Who Can Teacher. Zac Brokenrope) 3. **Universal Education** - Education for all children has been a developing theme in American education. In the colonial period, education was reserved for a small minority, mainly white males. During the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, children from various groups previously omitted from educational opportunity (girls, minorities, immigrants, people with disabilities) gained access to elementary and secondary education. Today, a college education is generally available to all who actively seek it. (Ch. 10 of __Those Who Can, Teach__, p. 294-295; Emily Pfannenstiel)

4. **Diversity**: Term referring to variance or differences amongst the many factors that identify an individual. Race, language, intelligence, sexual orientation and socioeconomic factors all help to create a more enriching environment, but can present obstacles for teachers.

5. **IEP** A management tool required for every student covered by the provisions in the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act. It must indicate a student’s current level of performance, short and long term instructional objectives, services to be provided, and criteria and schedules for evaluation of progress. (Lyle Loewen)

6. ethnicity - people who share a common culture, usually including language, customs, and religion - multicultural education approaches can help students learn to appreciate the contributions of all people (Alicia Mello)

7. **SES: Socioeconomic status** The status one occupies on the basis of social and economic factors such as income level, education level, occupation, area of residence, and family background. (Lyle Loewen)

8.**Generational poverty**: families living in poverty for two generations or more (Chapter 4 p 95-96 TWCT; Jess Couture) 9.**Classroom Bargains**(Powell/TWCT Ch2) Classroom bargains are informal, usually unspoken, agreements between teacher and student that teachers may use to keep troublesome students participating in the class. This sort of agreement can be similar to "don't be disruptive in my class and make an effort to do the work and I won't put too much pressure on you as a student." These bargains are important to the classroom because they can help to quiet the troublemakers and keep a good classroom atmosphere. (Ben Greenfield) -This is not a positive thing, it can be bad cause it shows the teacher to be not caring. (jillian Kirchner) 10. **NBPTS- National Board for Professional Teaching Standards** //Definition//: Organization for experienced teachers who prove their excellence (optional to join) in order to further teaching as a profession. Their main goals are 1. maintaining high and rigorous standards for what accomplished teachers should know and be able to do, 2.providing a national voluntary system certifying teachers who meet these standards, and 3. advocating for education reforms

//Importance to school improvement/classroom practice:// The board's goal is to set high standards for teachers. Great teachers encourage learning (classroom practice?) and also help create 'learning communities' (school improvement). Also, one of the NBPTS's main goals is to advocate for education reform. //TWCT Ch. 15// (Julia Richmond)